Technical Efficiency and Productivity Change in the European Union with Undesirable Output Considered

Global competition and climate change are changing the nature of economic activity impose urgent need to have environmentally sensitive productivity growth. The paper addresses both desirable undesirable output assess technical efficiency changes, as well evaluate importance an energy input in production function differentials European Union (EU) over period 2000–2018. To that end, it uses output-oriented data envelopment analysis Malmquist analysis. results reveal EU is facing significant challenges due a decreasing trend slow absence major improvements human resource performance has reduced benefits technological innovations which main source Additionally, show use did not critically influence productivity.